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1.
Rev. paul. pediatr ; 26(4): 315-320, dez. 2008. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-507593

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Determinar, em cobaias prenhes e em gestantes, a produção de antitoxina tetânica induzida pela aplicação da anatoxina tetânica e estudar a sua passagem para o recém-nascido. MÉTODOS: Na primeira fase, em estudo experimental, cobaias prenhes foram vacinadas com duas doses de toxóide tetânico em um intervalo de 15 dias, seguida da dosagem de anticorpos na cobaia imunizada, na prole ao nascer e 15 dias após o nascimento. Outro grupo de animais previamente vacinado recebeu uma dose de reforço 30 dias antes do parto, medindo-se o nível de anticorpos na cobaia e na prole. Na segunda fase, em ensaio clínico, as gestantes humanas foram vacinadas com três injeções de anatoxina tetânica, com um intervalo de 30 dias, em qualquer período da gravidez, medindo-se, a seguir, a antitoxina tetânica. Nos recém-nascidos, os anticorpos foram medidos ao nascer e aos 15 dias de vida. RESULTADOS: O título de antitoxina no sangue da prole de cobaias vacinadas com anatoxina tetânica foi elevado ao nascimento e aos 15 dias de vida. A dose de reforço provocou elevação do título basal. Nas gestantes, a aplicação de três doses de toxóide antitetânico conferiu imunidade a 95% dos recém-nascidos estudados. Os recém-nascidos de mães vacinadas apresentaram títulos elevados de antitoxina que persistiram por mais de 15 dias de vida. CONCLUSÕES: A vacinação durante a gestação foi acompanhada de títulos protetores de antitoxina contra o tétano tanto nos filhotes de cobaias quanto nos recém-nascidos humanos.


OBJECTIVE: To measure, in pregnant guinea pigs and women, the production of tetanus antitoxin, induced by vaccination with tetanus toxin, and to study the transmission of these antibodies to the offspring. METHODS: In an experimental design, pregnant guinea pigs were vaccinated with two doses of tetanus toxoid with a 15-day interval followed by determination of antibodies in the immunized guinea pig, in the offspring at birth and after 15 days of life. One group of guinea pigs received a booster dose of tetanus toxoid 30 days before delivery and the immunization status of dam and offspring was also studied. In a clinical trial, pregnant women were vaccinated in any period of gestation with three doses of tetanus toxoid with a 30-day interval; the antibody levels were measured in the mother and in the newborn infant at birth and at the 15th day of life. RESULTS: The antibody levels of guinea pigs offspring immunized with tetanus toxoid during gestation were elevated at birth and at the 15th day of life. These levels were elevated by the booster dose 30 days prior to delivery. In pregnant women, the immunization with three doses of tetanus toxoid was followed by immunity in 95% of the studied infants studied. The newborn infants of vaccinated women presented elevated levels of antibodies at birth and at 15th day of life. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination during gestation was followed by protective levels of antibodies in guinea pigs and in newborn infants.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Guinea Pigs , Tetanus Antitoxin/administration & dosage , Tetanus Toxoid , Tetanus/prevention & control , Vaccination
2.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2007 Jul; 74(7): 697; author reply 697
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-81413
3.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2007 Jan; 74(1): 43-5
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-78420

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical profile, treatment and outcome of tetanus in children treated with intrathecal tetanus immunoglobulin. (TIG) METHODS: Retrospective analysis of hospital records of tetaus cases admitted to the pediatric ICU during the five year period between 1999 to 2004 was done. RESULTS: There were 66 cases of tetanus treated with intrathecal TIG. Children below 5 years formed 53% of cases and 47% were above 5 years. Totally unimmunized children constituted 82% of cases and 18% partially immunized children. The portal of entry was otogenic in 58% of cases and injury in30% of cases. The common complications observed included thrombophlebitis, aspiration pneumonia, laryngospasm and autonomic system involvement. There were no complications specific to intrathecal administration of TIG. The mortality due to tetanus was 9%. DISCUSSION: Mortality and morbidity due to tetanus was less in the present study compared to other centers where TIG is given intramuscularly. CONCLUSION: Intrathecal TIG is effective in the treatment of mild and moderate tetanus. Randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of intrathecal TIG in the management of severe tetanus.


Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage , Injections, Intramuscular , Injections, Spinal , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric , Male , Retrospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Severity of Illness Index , Survival Rate , Tetanus/diagnosis , Tetanus Antitoxin/administration & dosage
4.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-119743

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Tetanus is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries. Various modalities of treatment to prevent progression of the disease and alter its outcome have been tried. This study was designed to evaluate the role of intrathecal human anti-tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG) in the management of tetanus. METHODS: Thirty-six adult patients presenting to an university-affiliated teaching hospital were stratified based on the severity of disease into mild and severe disease, and subsequently randomly allocated to receive either 250 i.u. of TIG intrathecally or a sham procedure mimicking the lumbar puncture. RESULTS: In mild tetanus, TIG administration significantly retarded the rate of progression (p = 0.05), reduced the duration of hospital (p = 0.01) and intensive care unit stay (p = 0.05), need for tracheostomies (p = 0.03) and the dose of sedatives required for control of spasms (p = 0.01). In mild tetanus, the mortality rates were 20% and 30% in the treated and control groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: We suggest that TIG is useful in reducing the morbidity, progression of disease and mortality in patients presenting with mild tetanus.


Subject(s)
Adult , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Immunization, Passive/methods , Injections, Spinal , Male , Severity of Illness Index , Statistics, Nonparametric , Tetanus/therapy , Tetanus Antitoxin/administration & dosage
6.
Rev. méd. hered ; 5(1): 13-24, mar. 1994. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-176298

ABSTRACT

Se revisó las historias clínicas de 76 pacientes con tétanos del adulto (>14 años de edad). Al final , 28 casos (36.8//) fueron leves, 12 (15.8 por ciento) moderados, 24 (31.6 por ciento) severos y 12 (15.8 por ciento) muy severos. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron neumonía e infección del tracto urinario en 27 casos (35.5 por ciento) cada una y retención urinaria en 24 (31.6 por ciento). El promedio de las dosis máximas de diazepán/día empleadas en los casos severos/muy severos (S/MS) (563 mg/día) estuvo muy por debajo de la recomendada en este hospital (20 mg/kg/día). La letalidad global fue de 34.2 por ciento (26/76). la letalidad para los casos leves fue 3.6 por ciento (1/28), para los moderados 8.3 por ciento (1/12), para los severos 58.3 por ciento (14/24) y 83.3 por ciento (10/12), para los muy severos. La letalidad para el grupo S/MS fue 66.7 por ciento (24/36). Las causas probables de muerte más frecuentes fueron: infección sobreagregada en 9 (34.6 por ciento), hiperactividad simpática en 7 (26.9) y espasmo no controlado en 5 (23.7 por ciento). El número de casos no permitió detectar una diferencia significativa en la letalidad entre los pacientes severos tratados con antitoxina intratecal (25.0 por ciento) vs antitoxina sistémica (60.0 por ciento); entre los atendidos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (28.6 por ciento) vs otros servicios (64.7 por ciento); ni entre aquéllos tratados con ventilación mecánica (37.5 por ciento) vs sin ella (62.5 por ciento)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Tetanus Antitoxin/administration & dosage , Tetanus Antitoxin/therapeutic use , Tetanus/complications , Tetanus/nursing , Tetanus/therapy
7.
Diagnóstico (Perú) ; 27(5/6): 93-5, mayo-jun. 1991. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-118982

ABSTRACT

Se estudiaron 98 pacientes con tétanos neonatal grave, a quienes se dieron tratamiento estandar. Ellos fueron divididos al azar en un grupo de 47 pacientes, que recibió 1,500 UI de antitoxina tetánica heteróloga intravenosa y otro grupo de 51 pacientes, que recibió 5,000 UI (grupo control). El estudio tuvo por objeto, determinar la eficacia de 1,500 UI utilizando como criterios de evaluación, la letalidad, el promedio en días trascurridos desde el inicio del tratamiento, hasta la tolerancia de la sonda nasogástrica y el reinicio de la succión. Los resultados no demostraron diferencias estadísticas significativa de los criterios de evaluación, entre dosis de 1,500 y 5,000 UI de antitoxina. Se concluye, que por costo*efecto, el tratamiento estandar que contiene 1,500 UI de antitoxina tetánica heteróloga intravenosa es eficaz


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Female , Tetanus Antitoxin/administration & dosage , Tetanus/mortality , Peru , Clostridium tetani , Tetanus Antitoxin/therapeutic use , Tetanus/mortality
9.
Rev. patol. trop ; 17(1): 42-132, jun. 1988. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-151060

ABSTRACT

Objetivando reavaliar a eficácia da antitoxina tetânica administrada por via intramuscular, em associaçäo com a via intratecal, 80 pacientes de tétano acidental admitidas no período de 12.06.84 a 17.10.85 no Hospital de Doenças Tropicais de Goiânia-GO, foram submetidos a três regimes terapêuticos: A - SAT por via intramuscular; B - SAT por via IM mais IGATH via IT; C - SAT IM mais SAT IT e dexametazona EV. A maioria dos pacientes procedia do município de Goiânia e área de influência, predominando o sexo masculino, os trabalhadores rurais, as crianças acima de quatro anos, os adolescentes e adultos jovens, com maior letalidade nos adultos e idosos. Predominaram, como porta de entrada, as lesöes perfurantes dos menbros inferiores. O trismo predominou como sinal de início da doença. Evoluçäo para óbito ocorreu nos pacientes com período de incubaçäo de até 10 dias; a letalidade foi maior naqueles com período de progressäo de até 48 horas, naqueles que apresentaram desfagia e febre precocemente e nos com foco de membros superiores. As prováveis causas de morte mais fequentes foram choque e insuficiência repiratória aguda. Os exames laboratoriais realizados mostratam-se incaracterísticos. Os três grupos terapêuticos mostraram-se, estatisticamente, homogêneos. Näo houve diferença, estatisticamente, sigificante entre a letalidade observada nos pacientes tratados com SAT IM e os tratados com SAT IM associado a IGATH intratecal (p>0,05). Já o grupo tratado, simultaneamente, menor (p<0,05), em comparaçäo com os dois grupos anteriores. Näo ocorreu febre alta refratária e o choque foi menos frequente nos pacientes submetidos à dexametazona. Os achados sugerem que a corticoterapia sistêmica tenha desempenhado um papel mais importante na diminuiçäo da letalidade do que as vias de administraçäo da antitoxina quer de origem homóloga ou heteróloga


Subject(s)
Humans , Tetanus Antitoxin/administration & dosage , Tetanus/diagnosis , Tetanus/epidemiology , Tetanus/etiology , Tetanus/therapy , Dexamethasone/administration & dosage , Dexamethasone/therapeutic use , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Immunization, Passive , Injections, Spinal , Injections, Intramuscular
10.
IMJ-Iraqi Medical Journal. 1988; 37 (21): 65-67
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-10601

ABSTRACT

The impact of Intrathecal antitetanic serum in the management of tetanus neonatorum was studied in thirty two neonates admitted in the Infectious Diseases Hospital over a period of fourteen months, other conventional methods of treatment were used as well. Simultaneously hundred and eighty six neonates with tetanus neonatorum treated without intrathecal antitetanic serum were used as control group, significant reduction in the mortality rate was observed in the group treated by intrathecal route [P<0.0005], 18 neonates recovered in the treated group. Mortality was 43% compares to 82% in control group. This study shows that the intrathecal serum if given early in this disease may reduce the mortality rate and might become an important step in the management of neonatal tetanus. To our best knowledge this clinical trial is performed for the first time in this country


Subject(s)
Tetanus Antitoxin/administration & dosage
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